Terrorism Case free essay sample

Terrorism has been around for centuries. It has evolved from its beginning and as time passes the strategies and techniques change. Every terrorist uses a certain cause as an excuse to justify their terror attacks. Just because someone is a terrorist isn’t doesn’t mean that they have mental issues. They believe that they are following God’s will and will find themselves in paradise for carrying out these activities. Terrorism in the Middle East has its roots in the Arab-Israeli conflict that is going on. These terrorist activities that take place in the Middle East have been committed in the name of Palestinian self-determination and for the destruction of Israel. The conflict with Israel has been going on since 1948 when it was officially created. One of the main reasons for this conflict was because Palestine believes that Israeli lands were promised to them by British colonial authorities. One of the major terrorist groups that were created in this conflict was the Palestine Liberation Organization which was led by Yasser Arafat. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their main mission was to destroy Israel and establish a Palestinian state. Since Israel is the only non-Muslim nation in the Middle East it is considered an invader of Islamic ways. They believe that the Western world is corrupting the Middle East. Terrorism also takes place in Europe. Some small terrorist groups were formed in the late early 1960’s and early 1980’s. These terrorist groups used the motivations of economics and idealism as an excuse for their reason to carry out these attacks. Unlike other terrorist groups these were college students who were using acts of violence because they couldn’t find work after graduating college. Two major terrorist groups that were created were the Provisional Irish Republican Army and Spain’s Bosque Fatherland and Liberty which there mission was to attempt to secede from their nations. In 1922 Ireland was granted independence from Britain with the deal that its six predominantly Protestant northeaster counties would stay with the United Kingdom. Many Irish didn’t agree with this split of their country. The Catholic minority that was involved in this division faced discrimination in employment, housing, and political participation. As for the Basque terrorist group which was formed in 1959, its mission was to push General Franco out of power. The terrorist group also wanted an independent state for Spain’s Basque ethnic group. The Basque ETA suffered political oppression because the Spanish government trying to destroy their culture and assimilate them into the Spanish culture. As for the Al Qaeda document I would guess that it was created within the last twenty years because it talks about using sophisticated methods to detonate explosives such as using blasting caps. It tells you how sensitive they are and that you should take caution because of their sensitivity. It also tells you how to make the blasting cap using an extended pipe and that explosive material which is the main basic substance. It just seems as though this couldn’t have been written in the 70’s or 80’s but I could be mistaken. One major difference between Al Qaeda and the U. S. military is we are more organized. The U. S. military has a set way of doing things and training in a controlled environment. Al Qaeda on the other hand has to train in secrecy for fear of being discovered by American or coalition forces. They must train with whatever weapons they are able to get their hands on. Their weapons aren’t as advanced as the U. S. military. Al Qaeda uses IED’s or Improvised Explosive Devices to cause damage to American and coalition forces. These IED’s are effective but not very safe or accurate. They make these IED’s from whatever they can find. They are made from five components which include a switch (activator), an initiator (fuse), container (body), charge (explosive), and a power source (battery). It is very difficult for westerners to infiltrate Al Qaeda because they are such a tight knit group that uses secrecy as a tool to stop any possible infiltration of their network. According to U. S. spy agencies they find it more difficult to infiltrate Al Qaeda compared to the Kremlin during the cold war. This isn’t good because in order to stop further terrorist attacks you have to infiltrate that organization to gather intelligence. If you don’t have strong intelligence sources then you are pretty much blind and open to attack. Some counterterrorism officials said their agencies missed early opportunities to infiltrate the Al Qaeda network. They tried offering cash rewards to get Al Qaeda members to flip on their organization. The problem with that method is these terrorist members are religious zealots and don’t want to do anything to offend God. By them taking a bribe they would be doing just that. I would rate Al Qaeda’s level of sophistication as moderate. I wouldn’t compare them at all to our military. We are very sophisticated and have a well maintained military. Al Qaeda on the other hand doesn’t go through the extensive training that our military does. They do have their various training methods but they aren’t as advanced as the American military. One advantage of Al Qaeda’s training method is their mountain training. They have decades of training in the mountain’s and that is why it is hard for American and coalition forces to hunt them down. As a lead investigator I would let them know Al Qaeda’s training methods and weapon of choice which is the AK-47 assault rifle. This is an effective weapon because it doesn’t jam often and it is very versatile in a desert environment. I would also bring up their level of secrecy and their dedication to their religion as an excuse to commit mass murder to further their cause. My team would have to understand how Al Qaeda operates and figure out a way to get someone inside to infiltrate their group and bring home some solid useable Intel to stop further killing. http://www. towson. edu/polsci/ppp/sp97/terror/causes. html http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2008/03/20/experts-why-the-west-cant_n_92633. html

S Quest for Global Value Chain Essays

ECCO A/S Quest for Global Value Chain Essays ECCO A/S Quest for Global Value Chain Essay ECCO A/S Quest for Global Value Chain Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: ECCO A/S Quest for Global Value Chain ECCO is a company established by Karl Toolsbuy in Bredebro, Denmark in 1963. It was set up to produce high quality shoes of various types unparalleled internationally in terms of high degree of crafts-man ship and quality. The company is guided by the vision to be â€Å"the most wanted brand within innovation and comfort footwear† a position it envisages attaining through consistent research, employee training and capitalizing on its key areas of production and product technology (Nielsen et al., pg 48). This report looks into in the company’s global value chain management and analyzes how it matches up with the industry drivers. ECCO has maintained a tight grip over the entire value chain from hide processing to the actual shoe processing. The company through its various tanneries (located in Netherlands, Thailand and Indonesia) purchase the raw hides and transform them into different leather raw materials. In addition, the Netherlands tannery has a fully-fledged research center guaranteeing up to date research and expertise on tanning. Its main purpose is to research on environmentally friendly tanning processes and invent next generation ECCO shoes (Nielsen et al., pg 2 ). The specialists attached in the research center offer training to the other employees ensuring dissemination of new technology and efficient production skills. This model also ensures ease patenting new breakthrough ides. In addition, the company gains extra income by selling the surplus leather to automotive and furniture industries. The company’s production process is divided into the following core functions: full-scale, benchmarking, ramp-up, prototype and laboratory production. It is evident from the scope of works of this functions system does not allow for specialization hence not benefiting from improved efficiency associated with labor division. The main branch in Denmark appears to be carrying out all the tasks from design, prototype development, branding and marketing, and the almost entirely all the research and development. Moreover, there is no clear distinction of duties between the different branches (Nielsen et al., 6). The full-scale production process depends on both human and machine power. The whole process takes roughly 30 minutes a clear indication that the process is time consuming hence expensive. From production, the distribution and marketing is done centrally leading to logistical challenges when supplying goods under short notice especially when the shoe demand is on short notic e. It is important to note that all the production process is in-house. ECCO has opened up 26 sales subsidiaries globally and four international production units with the capacity to produce similar goods. This step is aimed at lowering production costs, because of cheap labor in production areas, and spreading risk. However, this has led to limited specialization leading to inefficient production methods This organization model does not auger well with the competitors’ production models, who are generally the industry drivers. In the light of the market share landscape, the competitors have enough financial resources and specialized labor in the marketing department to conquer the market. This can be attributed to the fact that for most of the ECCO competitors they have outsourced their production areas. As illustrated by Geox, which has outsourced its production line to China, Vietnam and Indonesia but it has set up quality control and logistics monitoring center in Italy (Nielsen et al., pg 10).. In addition, they have gained relative success due to concentrating in research thus developing of waterproof and breathable membrane. In order to spread risk Geox is intending to set a clothing line to cushion themselves from consumers’ price fluctuations. The model of setting up production houses in different countries seem to not yield any fruits as outlined by the similar ity in production problems between Clark and ECCO. Production should be outsourced to independent contractors and quality monitored to ensure standardized products. Works cited Prof. Nielsen B. B., Prof. Torben P., Prof. Pyndt J. â€Å"ECCO A/S- Global Value Chain Management.† Ivey Management Services 03 October 2008: PLo3. Print. â€Å"Clarks ends shoemaking in Somerset.† BBC.com, Inc., n.p. Web. March 2005

Two Different Juvenile Justice Programs Assignment

Two Different Juvenile Justice Programs - Assignment Example Other reasons appear to be a factor of ‘boredom’ with one’s life. Remedial programs must address these problems with the young offender and most likely, his or her family’s involvement as well. Introduction While some of us may remember the days when television shows promoted family life to be like â€Å"Leave it To Beaver† and family problems were relatively simple and easily solved, our world today is far more complex and stressful. Family life is far from being ideal although some may manage to make it that way. Typically, families have two, or only one, full-time working parent, with children who must be managed and taken to ballet or sports classes. There is hardly enough time to really set proper foundations for good morals, proper social etiquette in dealing with others, and teaching children how to evaluate what they see in the media (Atella 2012). Early problems can also be observed first in the school setting when children are put on discip linary actions of one sort or another. Some children also get left by the wayside by parents and schools to fend for themselves and, without efficient judgmental thinking, can get caught up with others in less than savory activities, such as gang, drugs and commission of robberies (Hitchcock 2013). When children get caught, then justice must find ways to help children learn their lesson about committing crimes against others and what the consequences will be (Peak 2012). Zero tolerance is not always the answer. Some judgments made by the courts allow for children, according to their age, to participate in community services and pay back restitution to their victims, while others must participate in rehabilitative programs that, hopefully, show them the error of their ways (LIC 2013). Others, such as in the case of murder, and based on age such as in the late teen years, may well have to serve trial and punishment as an adult. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention conducted a research project which came up with the Balanced and Restorative Justice Model, suggesting early intervention programs that could be instituted in communities to help at-risk young people avoid being lured away into a criminal life (LIC 2013). Rehabilitative programs were also promoted for those youthful offenders in order to help them understand the consequences of their actions, not only for themselves, but also how the crime affected the victim’s life afterwards. 1. Two juvenile programs are the Project CRAFT (Community, Restitution, and Apprenticeship-Focused Training) and the Juvenile Offenders Learning Tolerance (JOLT) program. The first program arranges for offenders (rural and urban) to learn a trade in some type of program that builds social and job skills, such as building houses. Offenders become apprentices in the early stage of their learning a trade which can be used to get a job once they are out of school (NCWD 2013). It also provides the Home Bui lders Institute (HBI) with needed workers for the homebuilding workforce. Offenders receive academic instruction and on-the-job training in learning how to build within the residential construction industry (NCWD 2013). The program also services, aside from offenders, those youth with disabilities, rural and urban youths, out of school youth, and minority youths. Currently, 10 states have

Career Development in HRD Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Career Development in HRD - Research Paper Example Below is my career development plan since my present position to three years to come. It will consist of my career coach or career counsellor as a guide. Finally, it will show how I would be successful in my first job. I am a second semester at Indiana state university and I major on business in human resource development. In this, I am aiming at achieving a nonprofits leadership certification and a minor in business administration. Naturally, I am interested at peoples’ elements in business functions, change interventions, thrives and their improvements through their daily works and thus I made a decision to pursue the human resource development. I feel like taking some training and development in my career path though I am not sure of the source for the training. I enjoy doing charity work and thus am becoming a CNP. In this case, I enjoy my work daily because it is helpful to some people and through it I tend to change ones life for the better. In addition, my work seems to help peoples journey. Due to my interests in that, I plan to continue to volunteer in nonprofits though I am not sure of pursuing a career in such organization after my graduation (Rothwell, Wang, & Payne, 2005). In my career development, I have been attending some HR internship. I have attended the ISU career centre. The human resource development at this ISU career centre requires me to complete the internship before my graduation. In that career centre I met many wonderfully staffed career counsellors who provided me with the help that will make me attain their ability. One of my counsellors in this department was mike Williamson. Through my counsellor and mentor, mike William; I have achieved some skills on how to work hard to completing a well developed resume. He has also helped me set up some practice interviews that aim at gaining better communication skills and have many ways of answering possible interview questions

Analyse how the Holy Week is celebrated around the world. When, where, Essay

Analyse how the Holy Week is celebrated around the world. When, where, why, how is it celebrated (and much more). Give your personal opinion - Essay Example In most countries, they hold processions while carrying palm branches or crosses. Ash Wednesday is a day for cleaning the soul, and during the church service, a sign of a cross is marked with ashes on the foreheads. This symbolizes human mortality and repentance for sin. It originates from old biblical times when sinners covered their heads with ashes. Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday is in memory of the last supper when Judas betrayed Jesus. In some churches, the priest washes a few people’s feet in memory of the way Christ washed his disciples’ feet. Good Friday is a mourning day and involves meditation on Christ’s suffering and death on the cross. In some instances, the crucifixion may be enacted. Holy Saturday is the day most Christians hold vigil as they watch and wait for Christ to return at midnight. Easter Sunday marks the end of the holy week and commemorates the resurrection of Christ. It is a very happy and important day in the Christian calendar (St. Paul

The Online Virtual Shopping Marketing Essay

The Online Virtual Shopping Marketing Essay Since the development of the Internet, especially in recent times, most of our daily activities are conducted over the internet and goods and services are bought at the click of a mouse. Increasingly, consumers are choosing to make purchases using the Internet and skipping the trip to the store. A modern consumer may purchase a CD player, a couch, groceries, e-books, movies, tickets, software or even a new car at 4.00am without having to leave his or her house, deal with traffic and salespeople, or even change out of her pajamas. Furthermore, a consumer is no longer restricted to products available in one store, one town, or even one country because the Internet transcends boundaries and is literally accessible from anywhere in the world. The Internet essentially is a global network of connections and has become the worlds fastest growing commercial market place. It has developed into a significant and accepted business standard through which consumers and businesses come together in the buying and selling process. Most firms and businesses today have incorporated the concept of e-commerce at some level of their operations and this includes some traditional companies who have now integrated the internet into their businesses. As such, many physical retail stores have expanded their market through the Internet, by having both a virtual store and a physical store, guaranteeing them the best of both worlds. High-volume websites, such as Yahoo!, Amazon.com and eBay, also offer hosting services for online stores, to all retailers for their products and services. These stores are presented as part of an integrated navigation framework. These collections of online stores are sometimes known as virtual shopping malls or onlin e marketplaces. These online marketplaces provide a one stop shop for consumers to shop at their convenience for all the goods that they need. According to a Forrester Research, Understanding Online Shopper Behaviors, US 2011, May 17, 2011, E-commerce Business to Consumer (B2C) product sales totaled $142.5 billion, representing about 8% of retail product sales in the United States. The $26 billion worth of clothes sold online represented about 13% of the domestic market, and with 72% of women looking online for clothing, it has become one of the most popular cross-shopping categories. Forrester Research estimates that the United States online retail industry will be worth $279 billion in 2015. see Forrester: Online Retail Industry In The US Will Be Worth $279 Billion In 2015, TechCrunch. February 28, 2011. Online shopping has become a very popular way of purchasing goods for consumers. All that is required for the consumer is a computer, internet access and a method of payment. The main attractions in shopping for goods on the internet include the opportunity to search for various goods and services, compare the prices offered by various shops, read reviews made by customers who have purchased the same goods or service, order and pay for them and have them delivered, all from the comfort of ones home. Other attractions include the cooling-off period which applies to most online purchases, discounts, promotions and freedom from being pressurised by a salesperson into buying expensive (sometimes unwanted) extended warranties. In other words, customers are attracted to online shopping not only because of the high level of convenience, but also because of the broader selection, competitive pricing, and greater access to information. In comparison with conventional retail shopping, the info rmation environment of virtual/online shopping is improved by providing additional product information such as relative products and services, a choice of alternatives and attributes of each alternative, as well as the reviews and comments by those who have bought or used those goods. This equips the buyer with more information to make a more informed decision. The Nielsen Company conducted a survey, in March 2010 which polled more than 27,000 Internet users in 55 markets from the Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, North America and South America to look at questions such as How do consumers shop online?, What do they intend to buy?, How do they use various online shopping web pages?, and the impact of social media and other factors that come into play when consumers are trying to decide how to spend their money on which product or service. According to that research, reviews on electronics (57%) such as DVD players, cell phones or PlayStations and so on, reviews on cars (45%), and reviews on software (37%) play an important role and have influence on consumers who tend to make purchases and buy these goods online. In addition to online reviews, peer recommendations on the online shopping pages or social networks play a key role for online shoppers while researching future purchases of electronics, cars and travel or concert bookings. See Bonsoni.com on July 10, 2011 (2011-07-10). Research shows word of mouth drives online sales. Bonsoni.com. On the other hand, according to Nielsen Global Online Shopping Report. Blog.nielsen.com. 2010-06-29, 40% of online shoppers indicate that they would not even buy electronics without consulting online reviews first. However, despite the convenience and ease offered by online shopping, there is always the potential for abuse. Arguably the anonymity afforded by the internet has done much to damage the level of trust consumers are willing to place in it, g iven that the internet has no boundaries, and a consumer can access goods and services from any part of the world. According to Proffessor Ian Lloyd in Lloyd I.J. Information Technology law (2008) fifith edition Oxford, pg 483, The Global Top level Domain name .com gives no indication where a business is located and even where the name uses a country code such as .de or .uk, there is no guarantee that the undertaking is established in that country. It is relatively common practice, based in part upon security concerns to keep web servers geographically separate from the physical undertaking. Therefore a website may, for example have an address in German (.de) (or in Hong Kong (.hk), but its owner however might be a United Kingdom-registered compa ny. Furthermore, one of the differences between distance buying and the traditional forms of buying is that there are no face to face interactions between the contracting parties and the goods are not inspected physically by the consumer. Consequently, consumers may find that the goods are faulty on delivery, a wrong order or that the goods are not the correct specifications. Consumers are therefore concerned with the ease with which they can return an item for the correct one or for a refund.  To improve confidence, business often attempt to adopt online shopping techniques which are user-centred. They describe goods with photos, texts and multimedia files, provide background information, advice, or how-to guides designed to help consumers decide which product to buy and provide link to supplemental product information, such as instructions, safety procedures, demonstrations, or manufacturer specifications. Also they provide for ease of return and refunds by providing information to c ustomers on how to return goods for refund or exchange. Some customers on their own part now refer to show rooming before purchasing online. By this, customers first inspect the goods in the shops before purchasing them online. Furthermore, most laws on E-commerce make provision for the protection of the consumer in online contracts. Other problems that undermine consumers confidence in online shopping includes Fraud and security concerns. These include identity theft, phishing, denial of Service attacks etc. The perpetrators get hold of consumers credit card information and use it to commit fraud. To combat this, most online businesses adopt encryption on their websites as well as other security measures to prevent fraudsters from getting hold of customers information. The use of Paypal accounts are also useful in securing against fraud on the Internet. Other disadvantages of online shopping include lack of full cost disclosure and Data protection. In conclusion, the trend of shopping online has come to stay. Online shops are open 24 hours of the day and can be accessed from anywhere where there is an internet connection. The ease and convenience of shopping online will always lure more consumers to it. However, consumers must be alert and aware of the risks involved and take extra care when shopping online. Due to the openness and competitiveness of the online market, most business will always strive to maintain the highest standard of security as well as a user centred website to boost their business.

The Hunchback of Notre-Dame Essay -- Essays Papers

The Hunchback of Notre-Dame â€Å"Love is a universal language.† This popular quote from many movies and literary works describes the importance of love, and how there are no limits or barriers when dealing with love. Many people cannot even help whether or not they fall in love. There are many types of love and they need not be between members of opposite sexes. In Victor Hugo's novel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Quasimodo's love for Esmerelda is not as strong as his different sense of love for the Archdeacon, Claude Frollo. Quasimodo loves each person in a different manner, but is truer to the Archdeacon. The hunchback feels, among other things, a love described as Eros for the Mistress Esmerelda; whereas, for the Archdeacon the love he feels is known as Philia. While Quasimodo is drawn to Esmerelda by her inner beauty and personal qualities, he admires the Archdeacon for his powerful position in the social structure of the town. Throughout the story, Quasimodo does his best to protect Esmerelda. Contrarily, he is protected by the Archdeacon. There are four types of love, only one of which involves a man's physical love for a woman and vice versa. This type of love is known as Eros. It is defined as a relationship in which two parties are physically attracted to one another. Esmerelda, the gypsy, is quite beautiful. She dances in the midst of a crowd near a bonfire: â€Å"All eyes were fixed on her, all mouths hung open. As she danced to the rhythm of the tambourine which her round, delicate arms held over her head, she seemed to be some sort of supernatural creature(p.22). Quasimodo is taken by her loveliness just like most other men. However, because he is deformed and hideous, Quasimodo's physical attraction to the Mistress is unrequited. Nevertheless, this attraction is uncontrollable. Although he never acts upon his urges nor openly displays his affection, the hunchback feels the type of love called Eros for Esmerelda. Accordingly, he feels a different kind of love for the Archdeacon: Philia. Just as Eros as love stems from physical factors, Philia is a result of external factors. The Archdeacon is a man of God. He is considered the religious authority in Paris. Quasimodo resides in the Notre Dame Cathedral. He takes a great interest in God, and apparently shares this interest with the Arc... ... priest's company and leadership. Quasimodo continues to show gratitude by obeying every command given to him by the Archdeacon. When the Archdeacon decides that Esmerelda should hang, even though Quasimodo loves her he could not defy the priest's command: he sat quietly by and awaited the hanging. It is clear that this love stems from the protection of the Archdeacon through Quasimodo's early years of life. This also exposes the fact that Quasimodo's respect and obedience to the Archdeacon outweighs his feelings for Esmerelda. Throughout the story by Victor Hugo, Quasimodo shows love to both Esmerelda, a beautiful gypsy, and to Claude Frollo, the Archdeacon that took the hunchback into his custody. Two types of love displayed are Eros, to the Mistress, and Philia, toward Frollo. Quasimodo's protection of Esmerelda is seen inversely through his relationship with the Archdeacon. The Archdeacon and Esmerelda have diverse qualities that evoke separate types of love from Quasimodo. In the end, the bell ringer's relationship with Frollo supercedes his emotions towards the Mistress. The Philial and brotherly love triumphs over unrequited erotic love.

Ben Bernanke and Sub-prime

Considering Ben Bernanke’s statements and economic forecast one year later, the downside has occurred. He mentioned the effect of consumer confidence and attitude about the possibility of inflation. Since that forecast was made attitudes across the board have shown no confidence in an economic upturn, or at least a belief that the economy is less than stable. The federal government has responded with the Economic Stimulus Package designed to increase consumer and business spending. The Stimulus Package will put actual dollars into the hands of consumers hoping to cause a real increase in consumer spending.Bernanke stated that business capital expenditures should at least remain stable. However, an extra push was given in the form of additional tax writeoffs for large capital expenditures. In other words both consumer and business spending were leveling off or decreasing and needed a boost. Gas prices have remained unstable, rising and falling by nearly $1 per gallon in many ar eas. This constant fluctuation makes it difficult to assess the long term affect of gas prices on the economy. However, gas price fluctuations may not be as large of a downside as some other issues in the economy.Consumers can shop long distance without using any gasoline. With the internet people can shop online eliminating to drive across town for a day of shopping. Employment and trade deficits continue to be of concern to economists, however these issues have been overshadowed by continuing developments and downturns in the housing and mortgage industries. The Downside At the time of the 2007 economic forecast, the housing market had already entered a slump. Bernanke stated that the subprime effect may be contained. However, that has not been the case.The subprime debacle has remained in the headlines under many terms including: the housing crisis, the subprime mortgage mess, the foreclosure crisis, and the credit crisis. The housing crisis began after the price and sales boom i n 2005. As housing prices began a rapid decline over one year, it became evident that the problem was due in part (if not in full) to the recent developments in the subprime mortgage market. Many subprime mortgages had adjustable rates which were unaffordable when the rate adjustment increased those monthly mortgage payments.This was compounded by the fact that housing prices had begun a rapid decline. There was no way for homeowners to get out of those rising payments either by selling or refinancing. Homes no longer had the equity or value that they were expected to have. The Spillover and Its Affect The first spillover from the housing price decline was directly to the subprime mortgage market. Two years after the housing market meltdown, it has been discovered that the entire subprime market was the result of the collective genius of Wall Street investment firms.Subprime mortgages had become a complex range of securities including bonds, hedge funds, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and other such terms that we now hear everyday on the news. Many have found that their personal investments – pensions, IRAs, as well as bank and corporate investments were heavily invested in subprime mortgages at least indirectly. What has resulted is a breakdown of the financial markets, both in the United States and internationally.Daily news reports show that international investors and banks have been exposed to or involved in the U. S. subprime markets. Credit ratings on many investments have been lowered to the point of declaring some bank securities worthless. When banks have no collateral to borrow against, they have no funds to lend to their banking customers, even the ones with good credit. When investment houses get lower credit ratings, the value of a shareholder’s’s investments becomes worthless as well. As a result, the U. S.dollar has lost footing against foreign currencies. This caused the government and t he Federal Reserve to step in and literally change the way they put money into the economy. Until very recently, the Federal Reserve, the U. S. Central Bank, did not lend money to Wall Street investment firms. Realizing that the developments in the subprime market and the widespread use of subprime mortgages as investment vehicles, the Federal Reserve has come to understand that the subprime mortgage industry is at the very heart of our economy.Changing key interest rates several times did not help, so the Fed had to put money into the area that is most likely to bring the economy into a recession. In other words, there has been a change in the banking and financial systems. Lending and borrowing fuel buying and selling, and saving and spending in the economy. Commercial deposit banks are no longer the primary source of capital to businesses and consumers, but investment banks are. To support this new source of business the Federal Reserve has begun lending to investment houses by t he same means that it lends to banks – through short term loans.Investment houses have also began offering smaller consumer based deposit and credit products such as money market deposit accounts and credit cards available at many major investment brokerages. Analysis and Conclusion The reason for the subprime spillover into other segments of the economy is because the economy and the way it operates is shifting. The U. S. economy, and the international economy may no longer be bank based. As governments begin to privatize certain operations, the way these organizations seek funding or capital becomes a private matter.For example, when the Unites States government chartered private companies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to essentially operate the mortgage market, Fannie and Freddie raised capital on the U. S. financial markets as opposed to borrowing through banks. Right now the U. S. is at the downside of a bank based economy. What the upside will be is the complete shift to a n investment based economy. As the Federal Reserve continues to support the investment houses, those will become our deposit institutions of the future. Once that shift is complete, the economy will stabilize and grow, even though it will be completely different.

Health Research Methodology Essay Example

Health Research Methodology Essay Example Health Research Methodology Paper Health Research Methodology Paper Research is a scientific process of inquisition and analysis which seeks to contribute or challenge present knowledge. Contributing or challenging existing knowledge is initiated by presenting a question that needs to be answered or a problem that needs to be solved. Through research, individuals are able to understand how objects in the universe act or perform, formulate concepts or theories that are acceptable and discernible to the majority, explain events and phenomena, and such. (Fraenkel Wallen, 2006) Research requires the acquisition of existing and relevant data or information for analysis and observation. Through this, the researcher is able to conduct testing and experimentation and relate the results to previous knowledge in order to come up with a new concept, contribute to an existing concept, or prove the reliability of an existing concept. Research may be classified as basic or pure research or applied research. The objective of basic or pure research is not in line with a specific field. Basic or pure research is conducted in order to simply add information to accumulated existing knowledge. Applied research, on the other hand, is conducted in order to deal with a particular problem or interest. Applied research results in the conclusion of a solution or a remedy that shall be applied to a particular instance or scenario. (Neuman, 2006) Research Paradigms Paradigms that structure research include the inductive paradigm and the deductive paradigm, qualitative research and quantitative research, or a mixed paradigm which necessitates the use of two or more individual paradigms. In social research, there are other research paradigms identified such as the conflict paradigm, feminism, Darwinism, positivism, structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, etc. (Babbie, 2001) Perhaps, research paradigms are particular for each field, owing to the differences in nature and requirements. To tackle general paradigms that govern research, the inductive, deductive, qualitative, and quantitative paradigms of research shall be described. The inductive paradigm begins with specific principles or ideas to general principles or ideas, while the deductive paradigm follows the opposite movement. (Cresswell, 1994) The quantitative method follows the deductive paradigm and relies on statistics or data, and from it formulates interpretations, in order to formulate a generalization or a conclusion. On the other hand, generalizations or conclusions from qualitative data rely on a set of knowledge, principles, theories, etc. and follows the inductive paradigm. (Neuman, 2006) Paradigms provide a structure or a context on which research is to be patterned. It propels the research process because it has the ability to direct and guide researchers for them to realize their identified goals and objectives. Therefore, an effective research study necessitates the researcher’s familiarity of these paradigms and how they should be applied to the research process. Problem definition A first step in conducting a research is by defining the problem that will be answered by the research. Problem definition answers the questions of what the research is all about and why the research is being conducted. The problem is a question that needs to be answered itself. However, it also seeks to answer other relevant questions such that will guide the research process. These questions will answer the causes and effects of the problem, the magnitude and kind of information needed to obtain in order to answer the question or solve the problem, the resources needed for the research, the goal or objective of the research, the expected results or outcome of the research, etc. Problem definition involves the presentation of a given scenario or situation, phenomenon, or any other information that provides a background of what the problem is all about. The problem definition also identifies how the researcher will go about the research process, identifying the paradigm that needs to be implemented, the tools and resources that should be employed, and the research expectations. Defining a problem also bears in mind some aspects that need to be addressed in the process including the researcher’s interest or curiosity regarding the issue, the degree or enormity of the problem (usually, the problem needs to be specified from a general point of view, but sill maintaining its substance worthy of the research process), etc. (Kuman, 2005) Literature Review The Literature Review is an analytical or judicious evaluation of materials or resources that are related to the theme of the research. Moreover, the literature review serves as a compilation of all types of publications that discusses a topic relative to the research subject. The information disclosed in the literature review sets the position of the research topic, determining the concepts that supports or challenges the focus of the research study. The literature review also provides a framework that illustrates the course of the research subject through time, including additional information contributed, and changes in trends and approaches, etc. A literature review should be composed of how the problem was identified or unraveled in its particular setting, the actual narration or representation of gathered materials or resources, the assessment of the gather materials and resources, and the elucidation of related literature to the context of the research subject. (Macauley, 2001) Other requirements in presenting an outstanding literature review is to argue different points of view from varied materials and resources in order to determine a common ground and the differences that make each material or source valuable to the research process. The ability of the researcher to identify flaws within each material or resource also guides him toward a particular research approach. (University of Melbourne, 2007) Designing a Research Proposal Designing a research proposal follows a long process of planning and evaluation. The research proposal contains an overview of the entire research process that aims to present the purpose and significance of a particular research subject. The proposal provides factual and significant reasons that explain why the research should be conducted in terms of the objectives that it is trying to accomplish and the scale of knowledge that it will contribute to existing facts or data. Another purpose of the research proposal is to project in depth knowledge and expertise regarding the subject of the research, making clear the objective of the research process will be acknowledged and realized. The accuracy and flaws of the research process will also be identified in the research proposal. The good points of the research will be kept in check and the flaws of the process (for instance, inappropriate methodology or lacking background information) will also be identified to allow for immediate alterations. A research proposal includes the following: the title of the research study (clear and specific), information about the researchers, background information regarding the research problem, the goals and objectives of the research study, the processes or methodology that will be employed in the research process (including techniques or approaches, measurement tools, the variables for the study, the materials or resources that will be utilized during the research process, and the expected outcome or direction of the research study after the research process. Qualitative Research Method The qualitative method in research is usually used in the social sciences, in specific topics that deals with the explanation of human behavior, way of life, social interaction, etc. based on assumptions, observations, narrative data, and other means. It does not however rely on numerical statistics or date to come up with a generalization or a conclusion. The qualitative method as a research is investigative and probing in nature, subjective to personal but rational interpretations or assessments by the research, based on established concepts, theories, or laws, and information obtained from related materials or resources. Another feature of the qualitative method when applied to research is its propensity to extract conclusions from a natural unaffected situation or state of mind, based on the points of view of the researcher. The qualitative research method employs a unique set of tools or instruments to go about conducting the research such as ethnographical observation (observing a particular group with common traits and backgrounds), case study approach (assessment of a constrained case or an occurrence), phenomenological approach (exerting effort to understand and explain a particular phenomena). Biographical approach (obtaining knowledge about an individual), fishbowl observation (an individual or a group of people are observed under a particular setting in a given period of time), historiographical approach (drawing conclusions and generalizations from historical facts and data), etc. (Strauss Corbin, 1990) Quantitative Research If qualitative data deals with exploration and discovery of particular situations or phenomena as a subject of research and conclusion, quantitative research deals with numerical or statistical data in order to reach a valid generalization. It is objective, concentrating on the measured and valid interpretations of obtained data from the methodology and the results of the research process. Quantitative research is experimental and aims to prove or disprove theories through conventional and determined processes. Quantitative research is mostly used in a various fields of science, as opposed to qualitative research which is usually employed in social sciences and other fields similar to the structure of social science. Quantitative research is utilized in pure sciences such as chemistry, physics, algebra, biology, and social science as well, etc. Quantitative research usually makes use of a controlled setting, with the use of variables in order to arrive at a conclusion. (Cresswell, 2003) It also follows a systematic process that adapts the deductive paradigm, that which aims to formulate a concept, theory, or law. Moreover, this type of research is leaning towards the formulation of paradigms and theoretical frameworks illustrated in statistical or numerical fashion. The most common methods or techniques to carry out quantitative research are through the use of questionnaires, observation of controlled settings, etc. Interview and Questionnaire Design The interview and questionnaire design is a method employed in research in order to gather or obtain related data significant to the goals and objectives of the research study. Interview is a research technique that requires a dialogue or a consultation with a resource person in order to gather first hand information about the subject of the research. A questionnaire may be used in order to guide the interview process. However, the usual purpose of the questionnaire is to gather information from a specific or focus group for measurement and interpretation. The interview and questionnaire as methods of research may be used in both qualitative and quantitative research. However, it is important to keep in mind that before deciding to use specific research techniques, the goals and objectives of the research study must be identified in order to determine whether these techniques would be efficient to realize the goals and objectives of the research study. After determining the goals and objectives of the research study and the usefulness of interview and questionnaire has been identified, the researcher has to come up with steps in order to carry out these techniques. An interview requires approval from a resource person, and a scheduling available time and day both for the researcher and the interviewee to conduct the dialogue. The researcher should keep in mind that the questions should meet the requirements of the research, with clear and definite questions. Questioning should not be time-consuming. In designing a questionnaire, the following attributes should be kept in mind. A questionnaire should be short and extensive. The questions should be understandable and should not take a lot of time for the respondents to answer. It should also include a short introduction that presents the research study, the researchers, and the goals and objectives of the study. (Creative Research Systems, 2008) Sampling Strategies Sampling strategies are techniques utilized in sampling or selecting a section from a population to focus the study on. They are also implemented in order to ensure that the sample population that will be taken and studied from the total population will meet the desired results and generalizations of the research study. There are several sampling strategies utilized in research. Probability sampling can be categorized into four kinds, the simple random, stratified random, the cluster, and the systematic sampling. Simple random sampling selects arbitrarily from the population. The stratified random sampling categorizes the population into subgroups or divisions and samples will be drawn from each subgroup or division. Cluster sampling is grouping the population into clusters according to similarities, and samples will be drawn from each cluster. Systematic sampling follows a pattern of selecting a sample that will be observed. Non-probability sampling is categorizes under three techniques of sampling such as convenience sampling, quota sampling, and purposive sampling. Convenience sampling is selecting a sample population based on availability or accessibility. Quota sampling is dependent on the opportunity to obtain a sample and setting a quota for variables such as quotas for female or male samples, etc. Purposive sampling is designed to meet a particular goal or objective. Samples are not derived randomly but are selected according to the sample’s ability to answer the purpose of the research. (Landrenaeu, 2007) Quality of Data Reliability and Validity The reliability and validity of data determines the significance and authority of a research study. Research studies will be welcomed as a reliable contribution to existing knowledge if it is consistent and dependable. The reliability of data as revealed in a research study may be tested from conducting another research or experiment. If a research study is reliable, other research studies would yield the same results or conclusions. A research study will become commendable, worthy of attention and scrutiny if it reliable. However, a research study cannot stand in itself just by being reliable because reliability in itself does not make up a good research study. The research study should also be valid. Validity requires that a research study is precise or truthful. Upon testing or evaluation of the research study, its results or conclusions should have answered the goals and objectives of the research. A research study will not be valid if its results or conclusions tackle a different concept, theory or law. To fully identify whether a particular research study is valid, three validity contents should be determined, including the content, the concurrent and predictive, and the construct validity aspects of the research study. A research study proven to be reliable and valid becomes a valuable part of knowledge and science. (Golafshani, 2003) Data Management and Data Analysis Data management involves organizing data collected throughout the duration of the research process. Researchers should be able to accumulate in an organized and systematic fashion for easy retrieval and access. Moreover, large amounts of data should be clustered according to their content and purpose in order to lessen ambiguity and overkill when it comes to digesting the content of the research study. Primarily, the purpose of data management is to gather data in such a way that they the content of data is in line with the purpose of the research study. Data management is also used to accumulate data used in the research for the benefit of other researchers. (Miles Huberman, 2004) Data analysis requires synthesizing gathered data for the purpose of identifying similar and complementary content, determining useful or significant data to meet the goals and objectives of the research study, accumulating all necessary data, digesting the content of the data, interpreting the content of the data, describing its role in the research process, etc. Data analysis concentrates on the validity of the content of data. The process of analyzing data involves breaking down the content of the data and synthesizing them to make a connection or a pattern that will be used to arrive at a result or conclusion. Data analysis is done through numerical processes. Research Ethics The research process and all its aspects should follow certain ethical issues and concerns. Research ethics was designed to project the field of research in a reliable, dependable, trustworthy, and respectable fashion. It aims to look after the rights of all stakeholders, from the researcher, scientists, participants involved in the research process, the government, the community, etc. Primarily, research ethics is employed to provide guidelines and limits to researchers in conducting the research study. It is most applicable when the research study requires the involvement of other people intended to be utilized for testing or experimentation. The simplest example of ethics in research is the obtainment of private information during the interview or answering of questionnaire. If the interviewee or respondent refuses to answer a particular question due to a valid personal reason, then the researcher should respect the decision. (Resnik, 2008) Other ethical concerns that researchers should follow are the following. Target participants in the research study should not be forced to join the research study. The researcher should also follow ethical rules about privacy and confidentiality of information. Researchers should not trick target participants into participating in the research study, including revealing false information or concealing other information regarding the research. In general, researchers should uphold ethical standards in research in order to keep the dignity and the consistency of the field of research. Research should not be used to injure stakeholders or damage the environment. Rather it should be utilized to contribute to existing knowledge and the betterment of everyday life. References Babbie, E. (2001). â€Å"The Practice of Social Research, 9th Ed. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Creative Research Systems. (2008). â€Å"Survey Design.† Retrieved August 27, 2008, from Creative Research Systems, Inc. Website: surveysystem.com/sdesign.htm Cresswell, J. W. (1994). â€Å"Research Design: Qualitative Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage Publications Inc. Cresswell, J. W. (2003). â€Å"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods and Approaches. California: Sage Publications Inc. Fraenkel, J. R. Wallen, N. E. (2006). â€Å"How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education.† NY: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

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